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	c. ???????
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Myanmar	c. ???????
Thailand	??????
Laos	????
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	Other Austroasiatic groups; (Monic – Nyah Kur);

百度《华尔街日报》1月18日报道：白宫据称考虑旧金山联储的Williams作为美联储副主席人选。

??????: ????????????, ???????: [m???? lù mjó]; ???: ???, ??????? [m???n]

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listen (help·info)) ??? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????^[?] ???? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????????^[?]

^[?] ????????????????? ???

????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? (Monic) ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? (Austroasiatic languages) ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????^[?]^[?]

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?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????^[?] ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????^[??]^[??] ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????? ???????????????^[??]

??????

???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? "?????" (???????? ???? ??????? ????, ???????: [m????])? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????) Talaing (???????)? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????? (???????? ????) ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? Peguan ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????? (Talaing) ?????^[??] ??????? Peguan (?????????) ??? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????^[??] ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? "?????" ?????? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? "????????" ??????????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????????^[??] ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ??? "?????" ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? "?????" ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? "????" ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? "?????????" ????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??? "???" ??????? ???????????? ????? /mòn/)? ????????? ???????????? ????? (????) ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????^[??]^[??] ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ^[??] ????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? (/mòn ?a?)) ????? ?????? (???????????????)? ???????? (/mòn tà?/) ????????? ??????? ??? ????(/mòn t???/) ??? ??????? ????????????

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??????????? ????????? (? ???????) ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????

????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????????^[??] ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? (????????? ??????? ????????????? Sikhottabong)? ???????????) ????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????????? ????? - Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????^[??]^[??]

???? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? (city state) ??????? ????? Fa Daet (????? ????? ?????? (Kalasin)? ?????????? ????????)? ??????????? (Sri Gotapura) ????????????? (Sikhottabong) ???????? ????????? ?????? (Tha Khek) ?????????? ?????? (Muang Sua) ?????????? (Luang Prabang)? ????? ??????? (Chantaburi) (???????????)? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????^[??]^[??]

????????????? "???????????????????" ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ???????) ??? ?????????????? (Phraya Kalavarnadishraj) ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??^[??] ???????????????????? ???????? (Phraya Kakabatr) ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? (Nakhon Chai Si)? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ????^[??] ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? (????? ????? ????????) ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? - ????^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??] ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? (Khelang Nakhon) (????? ????? ???????) ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????

????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (??????????)? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? (??????????????)??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????

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?]} ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????^[??] ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????^[??]^[??] ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? - Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag^[??]^[??]

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???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? (???? - ????) ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? (???? - ????)??? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? (???? - ????) ??? ?????? ???????????? (???? - ????) ??? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????

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???? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????^[??]^[??]^[??] ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? (?????????)? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????

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????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? (Thongdi)? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??^[??] ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? (?????? ?????????????????)??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????

???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????????^[??] ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????^[??]

?? - ?? ???????

????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? (?????????)?? ????? ??????????????-??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????

???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????

?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?? ??????????????????????????? (Burma Socialist Programme Party - BSSP) ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????????

?? ???????

????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ????? - Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????^[??]

??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????-??? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????? (???????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????

?????

??????????? ??????????? (???? - ??? ????)

??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? (Monic) ??????????????? ???????????????? (?????? ????? ?????????? ???-???) ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????

????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????? (Tai Tham alphabet) ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????????

??????? (???????????? ??? ????????) ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????^[??]^[??] ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????????

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??????	146,845	70,611	76,234	1,763	1,497	266	39	37	2

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?????????

???????

??????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? hintha (???: ??????, IPA: [h????θà]) ???????? "?????"(????)? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????

???

??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????/?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????^[??]

???????????

????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????^[??]??????????????? ????????????? (Loi Khamod festival)?^[??]^[??]^[??] ???????????? (?????????)?^[??]^[??] ?????????????????? ^[??]^[??]^[??] ????????????? ????? ???????^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

??????????

?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????^[??]

???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????

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?????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? (????)? ???? ??????? (?????????????) ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? Khao chae (???????) ???? ???????????????? ?????????????? (??) ??????????? ???????????????????^[??]^[??] ????????????? ?????? ????? (?????????????) ??? ????????????? ???????????????????????^[??]

?????? ???????? ??? (Pla ra)??? ???????????????????^[??]

????????

?????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????/??????? ????? ???? (saba tossing game) ??? ????????????? (Mon Son Pa)??? ???????????????? ????????????????????? ???? ?????????? (UNESCO)???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????^[??]

??????????

A theatrical performance of the Mon dance
Mon musical instruments
A student playing Mon Drum in Thailand
Mon girls in traditional folk costume
Mon banana pudding
Mon inspired Khao Chae
Htamanè glutinous rice
Mon inspired Khao Khluk Kapi dish
Khanom Chin rice noodles
Nga baung thohk (steamed fish dish wrapped in banana leaves)
Mon State flag drawn by the Burmese government, Hongsa (the symbol of Mon people)
Mon Traditional Flower-garlands
Celebration of Mon Youth Day in Myanmar (2019)
Shwedagon Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa located in Yangoon, Myanmar
Zinkyaik Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa on the top of Zinkyaik Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar
Mon Rattanakosin-style Stupa located at Wat Chomphuwek, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Mon Hariphunchai-style Stupa located at Wat Phra That Hariphunchai, Lamphun, Thailand
The remains of an ancient walled town of the Hariphunchai Kingdom, Wiang Tha Kan, founded approximately 1,000 years ago located in San Pa Tong District, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lampang, Thailand
Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lamphun, Thailand
Ananda Temple, The fusion of Mon and Indian architecture located in Bagan, Myanmar
Mon-style architecture located in Bago, Myanmar
Mon-style architecture located in Yangoon, Myanmar
The Golden Rock Stupa located in Mon State, Myanmar
Hongsa pole with Centipede flag

????

Citations

↑ The World Factbook. cia.gov.
↑ Bauer 1990, p. 14.
↑ Bauer 1990, p. 19–23.
↑ Gaspar Ruiz-Canela (June 1, 2017). Mon, Thai minority who once ruled Southeast Asia. Agencia EFE.
↑ McCormick & Jenny 2013, p. 86.
↑ Jenny 2013.
↑ Swearer 2002, p. 130–131.
↑ Desakura (February 24, 2020). Where does the Mon Pak Lad shortcut?. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021? Retrieved on July 4, 2021?
↑ ???? ????? - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named efe
↑ Foster 1973, p. 211.
↑ Ngamying, Keeratiburana & Thidpad 2014.
↑ Bauer 1990, p. 34.
↑ ^??.? ^??.? South 2002.
↑ Bauer 1990, p. 16.
↑ "Miscellaneous Notes on the Word "Talaing"" (2006). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4 (2).
↑ "Rāma??a" .
↑ Ramanna, Rāma??a: 1 definition.
↑ Tun, Than. History of Burma in pictures?
↑ Christian Bauer (1991). "Notes on MON Epigraphy".
↑ Bee Htaw Monzel. "Inscription Narai".
↑ Maha Sila Viravond. HISTORY OF LAOS. Refugee Educators' Network.
↑ M.L. Manich. HISTORY OF LAOS (includlng the hlstory of Lonnathai, Chiangmai). Refugee Educators' Network.
↑ Adhir Chakravarti, "International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam", Our Heritage: Bulletin of the Department of Post-graduate Training and Research, Sanskrit College, Calcutta, vol.XXIX, part I, January–June 1981, pp. 1-23, nb p. 15; also in The South East Asian Review (Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995.
↑ Sanphet Thammāthikun (1995). ??????????????????????????????????? (in th). Samnakphim Matichon. ISBN 9747115093?
↑ (1998) The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's Camadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791437752?
↑ Warisara Anantato (2017). Camadevi Worship: Legend Reproduction and Social Space Construction.
↑ (22 February 2018) Discovery of Prehistory Ancient India. ISBN 9781532037900?
↑ Thailand - 799–1292 - Hariphunchai / Haripunjaya Period.
↑ (2019) Epigraphy as a source for history of Old Burma, Advancing Southeast Asian Archaeology 2019, Selected Papers from the Third SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology, Bangkok, Thailand 2019. Bangkok, Thailand: SEAMEO SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts, 53 - 62. ISBN 978-616-7961-48-4?
↑ Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd?
↑ Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press?
↑ Coedès, George (1968). in Walter F. Vella: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, trans.Susan Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1?
↑ Wyatt, D. K. Thailand, A Short History, p. 35–38, Bangkok 2003
↑ Ministry of Education (1 January 2002). Chiang Mai : Nop Buri Si Nakhon Ping.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Janos Jany (8 April 2020). Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws, 288. ISBN 9783030437282?
↑ Benjamin (4 August 2020). Cultural Profile: Dvaravati, Ancient Thailand's Lost Civilization.
↑ History of Lamphun Province.
↑ Rajanubhab, Damrong (2001). Our Wars With the Burmese. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd, 85–86. ISBN 9747534584?
↑ Kiernan, Ben (2008). Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000. Melbourne University, 148–154. ISBN 9780522854770?
↑ Harvey, G E (2000). History of Burma. Asian Educational Services, 235. ISBN 9788120613652?
↑ Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton University Press, 35. ISBN 9781400878796?
↑ Roy, Edward (2018). Siamese Melting Pot. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-9814762854?
↑ Christopher, Baker (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 26 and 309. ISBN 9781316007334?
↑ Desakura (2025-08-08). Wat Suthatham Temple in Samut Songkhram, Thailand (in en). Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?
↑ Wat's the centre of Mon tradition - Bangkok Post
↑ "Close genetic relationship between central Thai and Mon people in Thailand revealed by autosomal microsatellites" (2020). Int J Legal Med 135 (2): 445–448. doi:10.1007/s00414-020-02290-4. PMID 32281021.
↑ Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 3–4. ISBN 9781316007334?
↑ Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Walter de Gruyter, 602. ISBN 978-3110218435?
↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger.
↑ Marten, J. T. (1923). Census of India, 1921, Volume I India, Part II. Tables. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 85?
↑ ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 19 October 2021? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020).
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?
↑ Making Inventory of Craftsmanship and Performing Arts of Mon Traditional Musical Instruments. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?
↑ Songkran 2020 in Thailand - Dates (in en).
↑ ?????????????? : ??????? "???????" ??????????????? ???????????? "????????" ??????? (in th) (13 November 2016).
↑ ??????????????????????? ??????? 2559 (in th) (10 November 2016).
↑ ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? 6 ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (in th) (8 November 2020). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?
↑ Rocket of Mon (23 April 2011).
↑ ??????????????????? (in th) (1 July 2019).
↑ Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 (14 September 2018).
↑ Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 (27 June 2018).
↑ Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 from 23 to 25 September in Sangkhlaburi (4 July 2018). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?
↑ Parade of the Centipede Flags and Swans (14 April 2011).
↑ ????????????????? (in th) (11 April 2017).
↑ ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (in th) (18 April 2018). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?
↑ Mon Cultural Festival in Thailand.
↑ Centipede Flag Parade.
↑ ???????????????? : ??????????.
↑ Chirapongse? Kitty? "It's khao chae season: How to eat Thailand's classic summer treat"? CNN? 2012?
↑ A Guide to Royal Thai Cuisine (in en).
↑ How to spend long Thingyan holidays (in en) (2025-08-08). Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?
↑ Sukphisit? Suthon? "An acquired taste"? Bangkok Post? 9 June 2019?
↑ Intangible Cultural Heritage. Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?

Sources

Bauer, Christian (1991). "Notes on Mon Epigraphy". Journal of the Siam Society 79 (1): 31–84.
Bauer, Christian (1991). "Notes on Mon Epigraphy II". Journal of the Siam Society 79 (2): 61–80.
Huffman, Franklin (1990). "Burmese Mon, Thai Mon, and Nyah Kur:a synchronic comparison", Mon-Khmer Studies 16–17. Summer Institute of Linguistics, 31–84. ISBN 9780824813437?
Bauer, Christian (1990a). "Numismatics, dialectology, and the periodization of Old Mon", Mon-Khmer Studies 16–17. Summer Institute of Linguistics, 155–176. ISBN 9780824813437?
Thomas, David (1990). "On early Monic, Vietic and Bahnaric relations", Mon-Khmer Studies 16–17. Summer Institute of Linguistics, 177–179. ISBN 9780824813437?
Swearer, Donald (September 20, 2002). "Buddhism in Southeast Asia", in Joseph Kitagawa: The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. Routledge, 119–142. ISBN 9780700717620?
Bauer, Christian (1990). "Language and Ethnicity: The Mon in Burma and Thailand", in Gehan Wijeyewardene: Ethnic Groups Across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 14–47. doi:10.1355/9789814379366-005. ISBN 9813035579?
South, Ashley (October 3, 2002). Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake. Routledge; 1st edition. doi:10.4324/9780203037478. ISBN 9780700716098?
Piumsomboon, Patcharin (1982). "Mon people in Nakhon Ratchasima", Good things Korat: Korat's Diaries 3 (in th). Office of the National Culture Commission, 98–105?
"Mon Dance: Creating Standards to Continue the Performing Arts of Thai-Raman" (2014). Asian Culture and History 7 (1): 29–34. Canadian Center of Science and Education. doi:10.5539/ach.v7n1p29.
"Contact and convergence: The Mon language in Burma and Thailand" (2013). Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 42 (2): 77–117. doi:10.1163/19606028-00422P01.
Matisoff, James A. (1991). "Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects". Annual Review of Anthropology 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.
Jenny, Mathias (2013). "The Mon language: Recipient and donor between Burmese and Thai". Journal of Language and Culture 31 (2): 5–33.
Foster, Brian (1973). "Ethnic Identity of the Mons in Thailand". Journal of the Siam Society 61: 203–226.
"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutations in Mon and Burmese of southern Myanmar" (2007). Journal of Human Genetics 53 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0217-3. PMID 18046504.
"The Song of the Three Mons" (1937). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 9 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00070725.
Petchaboon, Chatuporn (December 30, 2018). "Food in merit-making ceremonies of Thai-Mon descendants and Mon workers: A case study on food of Sao Kradong Mon community, Bang Pa-in District, Phra Nakhon Sri Ayutthaya Province" (in th). Journal of Liberal Arts 10 (2): 35–57. Prince of Songkla University.
"Needs and Use of Learning Center and Learning Network of Mon Communities in Lamphun Province" (in th) (August 30, 2019). Journal of Human Sciences 20 (2): 101–132.
Bunjoon, Ong (December 20, 2017). "Ban Thung-Khen: The Contemporary Mon Ethnic Community of Suphanburi" (in th). Damrong Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology 16 (2): 115–140.

Notes

↑ According to CIA Factbook, the Mon make up 2% of the total population of Myanmar (55 million) or approximately 2.2 million people.
↑ The name according to historical sources is "Mangrai", and this is used in most modern scholarly applications. "Mengrai", popularised by a 1907 publication, is commonly found in popular usage. Also note that 'Meng' means 'Mon' in Tai yuan language.

External links

Mon Art and Cultural Centre of Bang Kradi
Independent Mon News Agency
Hariphunchai National Museum
Mon music Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine
Kao Wao News Group
The Mon Information Home Page Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine
Dating and Range of Mon Inscriptions

[CIA_geos-2] The World Factbook. cia.gov.

[FOOTNOTEBauer199014-3] Bauer 1990, p. 14.

[FOOTNOTEBauer199019–23-4] Bauer 1990, p. 19–23.

[5] Gaspar Ruiz-Canela (June 1, 2017). Mon, Thai minority who once ruled Southeast Asia. Agencia EFE.

[FOOTNOTEMcCormickJenny201386-6] McCormick & Jenny 2013, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEJenny2013-7] Jenny 2013.

[FOOTNOTESwearer2002130–131-8] Swearer 2002, p. 130–131.

[9] Desakura (February 24, 2020). Where does the Mon Pak Lad shortcut?. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021? Retrieved on July 4, 2021?

[efe-10] ???? ????? - Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named efe

[FOOTNOTEFoster1973211-11] Foster 1973, p. 211.

[FOOTNOTENgamyingKeeratiburanaThidpad2014-12] Ngamying, Keeratiburana & Thidpad 2014.

[FOOTNOTEBauer199034-13] Bauer 1990, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTESouth2002-14] ??.? ^??.? South 2002.

[FOOTNOTEBauer199016-15] Bauer 1990, p. 16.

[16] "Miscellaneous Notes on the Word "Talaing"" (2006). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4 (2).

[17] "Rāma??a" .

[18] Ramanna, Rāma??a: 1 definition.

[19] Tun, Than. History of Burma in pictures?

[20] Christian Bauer (1991). "Notes on MON Epigraphy".

[21] Bee Htaw Monzel. "Inscription Narai".

[22] Maha Sila Viravond. HISTORY OF LAOS. Refugee Educators' Network.

[23] M.L. Manich. HISTORY OF LAOS (includlng the hlstory of Lonnathai, Chiangmai). Refugee Educators' Network.

[24] Adhir Chakravarti, "International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam", Our Heritage: Bulletin of the Department of Post-graduate Training and Research, Sanskrit College, Calcutta, vol.XXIX, part I, January–June 1981, pp. 1-23, nb p. 15; also in The South East Asian Review (Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995.

[25] Sanphet Thammāthikun (1995). ??????????????????????????????????? (in th). Samnakphim Matichon. ISBN 9747115093?

[26] (1998) The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's Camadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791437752?

[27] Warisara Anantato (2017). Camadevi Worship: Legend Reproduction and Social Space Construction.

[28] (22 February 2018) Discovery of Prehistory Ancient India. ISBN 9781532037900?

[29] Thailand - 799–1292 - Hariphunchai / Haripunjaya Period.

[30] (2019) Epigraphy as a source for history of Old Burma, Advancing Southeast Asian Archaeology 2019, Selected Papers from the Third SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology, Bangkok, Thailand 2019. Bangkok, Thailand: SEAMEO SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts, 53 - 62. ISBN 978-616-7961-48-4?

[31] Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd?

[32] Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press?

[33] Coedès, George (1968). in Walter F. Vella: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, trans.Susan Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1?

[35] Wyatt, D. K. Thailand, A Short History, p. 35–38, Bangkok 2003

[36] Ministry of Education (1 January 2002). Chiang Mai : Nop Buri Si Nakhon Ping.^{[permanent dead link]}

[37] Janos Jany (8 April 2020). Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws, 288. ISBN 9783030437282?

[38] Benjamin (4 August 2020). Cultural Profile: Dvaravati, Ancient Thailand's Lost Civilization.

[39] History of Lamphun Province.

[40] Rajanubhab, Damrong (2001). Our Wars With the Burmese. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd, 85–86. ISBN 9747534584?

[41] Kiernan, Ben (2008). Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000. Melbourne University, 148–154. ISBN 9780522854770?

[42] Harvey, G E (2000). History of Burma. Asian Educational Services, 235. ISBN 9788120613652?

[43] Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton University Press, 35. ISBN 9781400878796?

[44] Roy, Edward (2018). Siamese Melting Pot. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-9814762854?

[45] Christopher, Baker (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 26 and 309. ISBN 9781316007334?

[46] Desakura (2025-08-08). Wat Suthatham Temple in Samut Songkhram, Thailand (in en). Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?

[47] Wat's the centre of Mon tradition - Bangkok Post

[48] "Close genetic relationship between central Thai and Mon people in Thailand revealed by autosomal microsatellites" (2020). Int J Legal Med 135 (2): 445–448. doi:10.1007/s00414-020-02290-4. PMID 32281021.

[49] Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 3–4. ISBN 9781316007334?

[50] Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Walter de Gruyter, 602. ISBN 978-3110218435?

[51] UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger.

[52] Marten, J. T. (1923). Census of India, 1921, Volume I India, Part II. Tables. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 85?

[53] ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

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[58] ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[59] ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[60] ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[61] ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 19 October 2021? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[62] ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[63] ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[64] ??????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[65] ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[66] ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020).

[67] ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[68] ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

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[74] ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[75] ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[76] ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[77] ???????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[78] ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[79] ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? (30 September 2020). Archived from the original on 12 August 2022? Retrieved on 1 August 2022?

[td-80] Making Inventory of Craftsmanship and Performing Arts of Mon Traditional Musical Instruments. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?

[81] Songkran 2020 in Thailand - Dates (in en).

[82] ?????????????? : ??????? "???????" ??????????????? ???????????? "????????" ??????? (in th) (13 November 2016).

[83] ??????????????????????? ??????? 2559 (in th) (10 November 2016).

[84] ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? 6 ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (in th) (8 November 2020). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?

[85] Rocket of Mon (23 April 2011).

[86] ??????????????????? (in th) (1 July 2019).

[87] Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 (14 September 2018).

[88] Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 (27 June 2018).

[89] Mon Floating Boat Festival 2018 from 23 to 25 September in Sangkhlaburi (4 July 2018). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?

[90] Parade of the Centipede Flags and Swans (14 April 2011).

[91] ????????????????? (in th) (11 April 2017).

[92] ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (in th) (18 April 2018). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021? Retrieved on 4 July 2021?

[93] Mon Cultural Festival in Thailand.

[94] Centipede Flag Parade.

[95] ???????????????? : ??????????.

[96] Chirapongse? Kitty? "It's khao chae season: How to eat Thailand's classic summer treat"? CNN? 2012?

[97] A Guide to Royal Thai Cuisine (in en).

[98] How to spend long Thingyan holidays (in en) (2025-08-08). Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?

[99] Sukphisit? Suthon? "An acquired taste"? Bangkok Post? 9 June 2019?

[100] Intangible Cultural Heritage. Archived from the original on 2025-08-08? Retrieved on 2025-08-08?

[1] According to CIA Factbook, the Mon make up 2% of the total population of Myanmar (55 million) or approximately 2.2 million people.

[34] The name according to historical sources is "Mangrai", and this is used in most modern scholarly applications. "Mengrai", popularised by a 1907 publication, is commonly found in popular usage. Also note that 'Meng' means 'Mon' in Tai yuan language.

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Citations

Sources

Further reading

Notes

External links